Revisiting Nobel Prize Research

I have been considering writing this post for over a year. I have mixed feelings about revisiting the Nobel prizes in physics with the knowledge of NPQG in hand. Let’s go through the set of conflicting thoughts that run through my mind.

The Nobel Prize is considered the highest award in physics (and other fields) and the award and winners are generally held in high esteem.
Modern day criticism of the Nobel Prize concept resonates with me, specifically that it reinforces the power and competition hierarchy of academic physics which has been and still is dominated by a non-diverse group and which leads to unhealthy behaviour in the physics community.
I don’t wish to tarnish the past prize in the eyes of the public, the scientific community, nor the recipients. However, science marches onward. It is inevitable that if a paradigm shift occurs in a field, that many of the past results, while possibly fine work in their era, are rendered incorrect, obsolete, or misinterpretations by the science of the new era.
It is important for science historians to understand and document the errors in thinking and faulty methods of prior eras and why those eras advocated incorrect narratives that deviated to a large degree from the ground truth of nature. While I am not a science historian, I have studied the history of physics, cosmology, and astronomy in order to fathom the errors and misinterpretations that have blinded these fields to solutions that are rather painfully obvious in retrospect.

Under the fair use doctrine, I have copied the text of the All Nobel Prizes in Physics page from the Nobel Prize website. I’ve kept the links intact to the annual prize and winner pages. I will add my comments in red font if NPQG has a material impact on the science that led to the prize and green font if NPQG impact is none to minimal. Where I use an orange font, NPQG will have a material impact to the area, but it is unknown if it will impact the research for which the prize was awarded. If there is no comment after a prize winner section then either I have not found a serious NPQG impact to that research or I have not yet evaluated it.

NPQG will undoubtedly have a degree of impact on all science of standard matter-energy in spacetime æther going forward. However, prior work may be minimally impacted at its scale of reference. I’ll use the symbol 𝛿NPQG to indicate Nobel prizes where there may be minor deltas or reframing needed in the context of NPQG and often this is with respect to the fundamental narratives of GR/QM/ΛCDM.

The first version of this post will be a quick pass through, based simply on the high level description of the research for which the prize was awarded. In the future, I may come back and revisit some of these in more detail.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2020

The 2020 Nobel Prize in Physics has not been awarded yet. It will be announced on Tuesday 6 October, 11:45 CEST at the earliest.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2019

“for contributions to our understanding of the evolution of the universe and Earth’s place in the cosmos”

James Peebles “for theoretical discoveries in physical cosmology”

Dr. Peebles work on ΛCDM cosmology occurred during an era where a fundamental narrative misconception has been in place – specifically the physical implementation of the Big Bang, inflation, and expansion as whole universe concepts (LeMaitre rewind to a single event). NPQG teaches that these concepts are all galaxy local and this resolves a number of tensions in cosmology that had largely been discounted by scientists, including the Hubble rate and the age of the universe relative to other processes. Presumably much of Dr. Peebles work can be mapped over to the galaxy local processes.

Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz “for the discovery of an exoplanet orbiting a solar-type star”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2018

“for groundbreaking inventions in the field of laser physics”

Arthur Ashkin “for the optical tweezers and their application to biological systems”

I suspect that NPQG will inform this science to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of spacetime æther nor of the Planck scale point charges (electrino and positrino), nor of the composite electrino/positrino structure of the photon.

Gérard Mourou and Donna Strickland “for their method of generating high-intensity, ultra-short optical pulses”

I suspect that NPQG will inform this science to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of spacetime æther nor of the Planck particles (electrino and positrino), nor of the composite electrino/positrino structure of the photon.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2017

Rainer Weiss, Barry C. Barish and Kip S. Thorne “for decisive contributions to the LIGO detector and the observation of gravitational waves”

I suspect that NPQG will inform gravitational wave science to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of spacetime æther nor of the Planck scale point charges (electrino and positrino), nor of galaxy local recycling as the dominant large process in the universe.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2016

David J. Thouless, F. Duncan M. Haldane and J. Michael Kosterlitz “for theoretical discoveries of topological phase transitions and topological phases of matter”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2015

Takaaki Kajita and Arthur B. McDonald “for the discovery of neutrino oscillations, which shows that neutrinos have mass”

I suspect that NPQG will inform neutrino science to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of spacetime æther nor of the Planck scale point charges (electrino and positrino).

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2014

Isamu Akasaki, Hiroshi Amano and Shuji Nakamura “for the invention of efficient blue light-emitting diodes which has enabled bright and energy-saving white light sources”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2013

François Englert and Peter W. Higgs “for the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that contributes to our understanding of the origin of mass of subatomic particles, and which recently was confirmed through the discovery of the predicted fundamental particle, by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at CERN’s Large Hadron Collider”

I suspect that NPQG will inform particle physics and Higgs research to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of spacetime æther nor of the Planck scale point charges (electrino and positrino).

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2012

Serge Haroche and David J. Wineland“for ground-breaking experimental methods that enable measuring and manipulation of individual quantum systems”

I suspect that NPQG will inform particle physics and quantum research to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of spacetime æther nor of the Planck scale point charges (electrino and positrino), nor composite particles of standard matter, nor does quantum mechanics understand uncertainty properly.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2011

Saul Perlmutter, Brian P. Schmidt and Adam G. Riess“for the discovery of the accelerating expansion of the Universe through observations of distant supernovae”

This work on ΛCDM cosmology has been during an era where a fundamental narrative misconception has been in place – specifically the physical implementation of the Big Bang, inflation, and expansion as whole universe concepts (LeMaitre rewind to a single event). NPQG teaches that these concepts are all galaxy local and this resolves a number of tensions in cosmology that had largely been discounted by scientists, including the Hubble rate and the age of the universe relative to other processes. The discrepancy between Supernovae distance calculations, redshift, and directional Hubble rate will need to be re-evaluted in the context of NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2010

Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov “for groundbreaking experiments regarding the two-dimensional material graphene”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2009

Charles Kuen Kao“for groundbreaking achievements concerning the transmission of light in fibers for optical communication”

𝛿NPQG

Willard S. Boyle and George E. Smith“for the invention of an imaging semiconductor circuit – the CCD sensor”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2008

Yoichiro Nambu “for the discovery of the mechanism of spontaneous broken symmetry in subatomic physics”

I suspect that NPQG the understanding of symmetries of nature and symmetry breaking will gain new insights as a result of NPQG and the Planck scale point charge basis of nature.

Makoto Kobayashi and Toshihide Maskawa “for the discovery of the origin of the broken symmetry which predicts the existence of at least three families of quarks in nature”

I suspect that NPQG the understanding of symmetries of nature and symmetry breaking will gain new insights as a result of NPQG and the Planck scale point charges basis of nature.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2007

Albert Fert and Peter Grünberg“for the discovery of Giant Magnetoresistance”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2006

John C. Mather and George F. Smoot“for their discovery of the blackbody form and anisotropy of the cosmic microwave background radiation”

This work on ΛCDM cosmology has been during an era where a fundamental narrative misconception has been in place – specifically the physical implementation of the Big Bang, inflation, and expansion as whole universe concepts (LeMaitre rewind to a single event). NPQG teaches that these concepts are all galaxy local and this resolves a number of tensions in cosmology that had largely been discounted by scientists, including the Hubble rate and the age of the universe relative to other processes. The multi-peaked power spectrum of the CMB background may be related to the composite of several black body spectra for constituent particles of space time æther.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2005

Roy J. Glauber“for his contribution to the quantum theory of optical coherence”

John L. Hall and Theodor W. Hänsch“for their contributions to the development of laser-based precision spectroscopy, including the optical frequency comb technique”

𝛿NPQG

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2004

David J. Gross, H. David Politzer and Frank Wilczek “for the discovery of asymptotic freedom in the theory of the strong interaction”

NPQG teaches that the UV divergence, IR divergence, renormalization, and asymptotic freedom are related to the immutability of the Planck scale point charges from whence the universe emerges.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2003

Alexei A. Abrikosov, Vitaly L. Ginzburg and Anthony J. Leggett “for pioneering contributions to the theory of superconductors and superfluids”

𝛿NPQG. I would expect rapid advancement in this research area once informed by NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2002

Raymond Davis Jr. and Masatoshi Koshiba “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, in particular for the detection of cosmic neutrinos”

Riccardo Giacconi “for pioneering contributions to astrophysics, which have led to the discovery of cosmic X-ray sources”

I suspect that NPQG will inform astronomy to a large degree, especially considering that prior science is not aware of the Euclidean background space of the universe and the corresponding Map 1 equations where observers in Euclidean space would see a variable speed of photons in the spacetime æther which we describe by Map 2 which has Riemannian geometry at all but the smallest scales.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2001

Eric A. Cornell, Wolfgang Ketterle and Carl E. Wieman “for the achievement of Bose-Einstein condensation in dilute gases of alkali atoms, and for early fundamental studies of the properties of the condensates”

𝛿NPQG. I would expect rapid advancement in this research area once informed by NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 2000

“for basic work on information and communication technology”

Zhores I. Alferov and Herbert Kroemer“for developing semiconductor heterostructures used in high-speed- and opto-electronics”

𝛿NPQG.

Jack S. Kilby “for his part in the invention of the integrated circuit”

𝛿NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1999

Gerardus ‘t Hooft and Martinus J.G. Veltman “for elucidating the quantum structure of electroweak interactions in physics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1998

Robert B. Laughlin, Horst L. Störmer and Daniel C. Tsui “for their discovery of a new form of quantum fluid with fractionally charged excitations”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1997

Steven Chu, Claude Cohen-Tannoudji and William D. Phillips “for development of methods to cool and trap atoms with laser light”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1996

David M. Lee, Douglas D. Osheroff and Robert C. Richardson “for their discovery of superfluidity in helium-3”

𝛿NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1995

“for pioneering experimental contributions to lepton physics”

Martin L. Perl “for the discovery of the tau lepton”

Frederick Reines “for the detection of the neutrino”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1994

“for pioneering contributions to the development of neutron scattering techniques for studies of condensed matter”

Bertram N. Brockhouse“for the development of neutron spectroscopy”

Clifford G. Shull“for the development of the neutron diffraction technique”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1993

Russell A. Hulse and Joseph H. Taylor Jr. “for the discovery of a new type of pulsar, a discovery that has opened up new possibilities for the study of gravitation”

𝛿NPQG. I do imagine that this science will be greatly informed by NPQG but I do not know if it will impact this work directly.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1992

Georges Charpak “for his invention and development of particle detectors, in particular the multiwire proportional chamber”

𝛿NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1991

Pierre-Gilles de Gennes “for discovering that methods developed for studying order phenomena in simple systems can be generalized to more complex forms of matter, in particular to liquid crystals and polymers”

𝛿NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1990

Jerome I. Friedman, Henry W. Kendall and Richard E. Taylor “for their pioneering investigations concerning deep inelastic scattering of electrons on protons and bound neutrons, which have been of essential importance for the development of the quark model in particle physics”

𝛿NPQG. I do imagine that this science will be greatly informed by NPQG but I do not know if it will impact this work directly.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1989

Norman F. Ramsey “for the invention of the separated oscillatory fields method and its use in the hydrogen maser and other atomic clocks”

𝛿NPQG.

Hans G. Dehmelt and Wolfgang Paul“for the development of the ion trap technique”

𝛿NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1988

Leon M. Lederman, Melvin Schwartz and Jack Steinberger “for the neutrino beam method and the demonstration of the doublet structure of the leptons through the discovery of the muon neutrino”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1987

J. Georg Bednorz and K. Alexander Müller“for their important break-through in the discovery of superconductivity in ceramic materials”

𝛿NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1986

Ernst Ruska“for his fundamental work in electron optics, and for the design of the first electron microscope”

𝛿NPQG.

Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer“for their design of the scanning tunneling microscope”

𝛿NPQG.

The pattern is becoming evident.

Research related to the paradoxes and open problems of physics and cosmology are highly likely to be materially impacted by NPQG.
The smaller the scale of the study domain the more likely that NPQG will have a material impact. This includes small physical scale and low energy reactions. Definitely anything involving photons. Definitely anything involving spacetime æther interactions. Certainly standard model and below. Possibly atomic and molecular research.
The larger the scale of the study domain the more likely that NPQG will have a material impact. This includes high energy scales as well as large distance scales. Impacted subjects span universe as a whole, ΛCDM cosmology, astronomy beyond our galaxy, galaxy dynamics, black holes, supermassive black holes and their jets, dark matter, dark energy, galaxy rotation curves, and high energy gravitatonal waves.
Research in-between these extremes of scale is less likely to be directly impacted by NPQG as long as the science has minimal dependency on the narrative from the extremes of scale. That said, there may be advances in these areas that will be enabled by NPQG.

Beyond this point, I’ll comment on the Nobel prizes that are significantly impacted by NPQG.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1985

Klaus von Klitzing“for the discovery of the quantized Hall effect”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1984

Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer “for their decisive contributions to the large project, which led to the discovery of the field particles W and Z, communicators of weak interaction”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1983

Subramanyan Chandrasekhar “for his theoretical studies of the physical processes of importance to the structure and evolution of the stars”

William Alfred Fowler “for his theoretical and experimental studies of the nuclear reactions of importance in the formation of the chemical elements in the universe”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1982

Kenneth G. Wilson “for his theory for critical phenomena in connection with phase transitions”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1981

Nicolaas Bloembergen and Arthur Leonard Schawlow “for their contribution to the development of laser spectroscopy”

Kai M. Siegbahn “for his contribution to the development of high-resolution electron spectroscopy”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1980

James Watson Cronin and Val Logsdon Fitch “for the discovery of violations of fundamental symmetry principles in the decay of neutral K-mesons”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1979

Sheldon Lee Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg “for their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1978

Pyotr Leonidovich Kapitsa “for his basic inventions and discoveries in the area of low-temperature physics”

Arno Allan Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson “for their discovery of cosmic microwave background radiation”

I suspect NPQG will lead to a fundamental reinterpretation of the CMB.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1977

Philip Warren Anderson, Sir Nevill Francis Mott and John Hasbrouck van Vleck “for their fundamental theoretical investigations of the electronic structure of magnetic and disordered systems”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1976

Burton Richter and Samuel Chao Chung Ting “for their pioneering work in the discovery of a heavy elementary particle of a new kind”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1975

Aage Niels Bohr, Ben Roy Mottelson and Leo James Rainwater “for the discovery of the connection between collective motion and particle motion in atomic nuclei and the development of the theory of the structure of the atomic nucleus based on this connection”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1974

Sir Martin Ryle and Antony Hewish “for their pioneering research in radio astrophysics: Ryle for his observations and inventions, in particular of the aperture synthesis technique, and Hewish for his decisive role in the discovery of pulsars”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1973

Leo Esaki and Ivar Giaever “for their experimental discoveries regarding tunneling phenomena in semiconductors and superconductors, respectively”

Brian David Josephson “for his theoretical predictions of the properties of a supercurrent through a tunnel barrier, in particular those phenomena which are generally known as the Josephson effects”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1972

John Bardeen, Leon Neil Cooper and John Robert Schrieffer “for their jointly developed theory of superconductivity, usually called the BCS-theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1971

Dennis Gabor “for his invention and development of the holographic method”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1970

Hannes Olof Gösta Alfvén “for fundamental work and discoveries in magnetohydro-dynamics with fruitful applications in different parts of plasma physics”

Louis Eugène Félix Néel “for fundamental work and discoveries concerning antiferromagnetism and ferrimagnetism which have led to important applications in solid state physics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1969

Murray Gell-Mann “for his contributions and discoveries concerning the classification of elementary particles and their interactions”

NPQG will lead to a profound new understanding of composite point charge structure of standard matter and their interactions.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1968

Luis Walter Alvarez “for his decisive contributions to elementary particle physics, in particular the discovery of a large number of resonance states, made possible through his development of the technique of using hydrogen bubble chamber and data analysis”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1967

Hans Albrecht Bethe “for his contributions to the theory of nuclear reactions, especially his discoveries concerning the energy production in stars”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1966

Alfred Kastler “for the discovery and development of optical methods for studying Hertzian resonances in atoms”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1965

Sin-Itiro Tomonaga, Julian Schwinger and Richard P. Feynman “for their fundamental work in quantum electrodynamics, with deep-ploughing consequences for the physics of elementary particles”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1964

Charles Hard Townes, Nicolay Gennadiyevich Basov and Aleksandr Mikhailovich Prokhorov “for fundamental work in the field of quantum electronics, which has led to the construction of oscillators and amplifiers based on the maser-laser principle”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1963

Eugene Paul Wigner “for his contributions to the theory of the atomic nucleus and the elementary particles, particularly through the discovery and application of fundamental symmetry principles”

Maria Goeppert Mayer and J. Hans D. Jensen “for their discoveries concerning nuclear shell structure”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1962

Lev Davidovich Landau “for his pioneering theories for condensed matter, especially liquid helium”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1961

Robert Hofstadter “for his pioneering studies of electron scattering in atomic nuclei and for his thereby achieved discoveries concerning the structure of the nucleons”

Rudolf Ludwig Mössbauer “for his researches concerning the resonance absorption of gamma radiation and his discovery in this connection of the effect which bears his name”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1960

Donald Arthur Glaser “for the invention of the bubble chamber”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1959

Emilio Gino Segrè and Owen Chamberlain “for their discovery of the antiproton”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1958

Pavel Alekseyevich Cherenkov, Il´ja Mikhailovich Frank and Igor Yevgenyevich Tamm “for the discovery and the interpretation of the Cherenkov effect”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1957

Chen Ning Yang and Tsung-Dao (T.D.) Lee “for their penetrating investigation of the so-called parity laws which has led to important discoveries regarding the elementary particles”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1956

William Bradford Shockley, John Bardeen and Walter Houser Brattain “for their researches on semiconductors and their discovery of the transistor effect”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1955

Willis Eugene Lamb “for his discoveries concerning the fine structure of the hydrogen spectrum”

Polykarp Kusch “for his precision determination of the magnetic moment of the electron”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1954

Max Born “for his fundamental research in quantum mechanics, especially for his statistical interpretation of the wavefunction”

Walther Bothe “for the coincidence method and his discoveries made therewith”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1953

Frits Zernike“for his demonstration of the phase contrast method, especially for his invention of the phase contrast microscope”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1952

Felix Bloch and Edward Mills Purcell “for their development of new methods for nuclear magnetic precision measurements and discoveries in connection therewith”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1951

Sir John Douglas Cockcroft and Ernest Thomas Sinton Walton “for their pioneer work on the transmutation of atomic nuclei by artificially accelerated atomic particles”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1950

Cecil Frank Powell “for his development of the photographic method of studying nuclear processes and his discoveries regarding mesons made with this method”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1949

Hideki Yukawa “for his prediction of the existence of mesons on the basis of theoretical work on nuclear forces”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1948

Patrick Maynard Stuart Blackett “for his development of the Wilson cloud chamber method, and his discoveries therewith in the fields of nuclear physics and cosmic radiation”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1947

Sir Edward Victor Appleton “for his investigations of the physics of the upper atmosphere especially for the discovery of the so-called Appleton layer”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1946

Percy Williams Bridgman “for the invention of an apparatus to produce extremely high pressures, and for the discoveries he made therewith in the field of high pressure physics”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1945

Wolfgang Pauli “for the discovery of the Exclusion Principle, also called the Pauli Principle”

NPQG will illuminate the physical root cause for this principle.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1944

Isidor Isaac Rabi “for his resonance method for recording the magnetic properties of atomic nuclei”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1943

Otto Stern “for his contribution to the development of the molecular ray method and his discovery of the magnetic moment of the proton”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1942

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1941

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1940

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1939

Ernest Orlando Lawrence “for the invention and development of the cyclotron and for results obtained with it, especially with regard to artificial radioactive elements”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1938

Enrico Fermi“for his demonstrations of the existence of new radioactive elements produced by neutron irradiation, and for his related discovery of nuclear reactions brought about by slow neutrons”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1937

Clinton Joseph Davisson and George Paget Thomson “for their experimental discovery of the diffraction of electrons by crystals”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1936

Victor Franz Hess “for his discovery of cosmic radiation”

Carl David Anderson “for his discovery of the positron”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1935

James Chadwick“for the discovery of the neutron”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1934

No Nobel Prize was awarded this year. The prize money was with 1/3 allocated to the Main Fund and with 2/3 to the Special Fund of this prize section.

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1933

Erwin Schrödinger and Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac “for the discovery of new productive forms of atomic theory”

The Nobel Prize in Physics 1932

Werner Karl Heisenberg “for the creation of quantum mechanics, the application of which has, inter alia, led to the discovery of the allotropic forms of hydrogen”

NPQG has significant impact on quantum mechanics based on the knowledge of Planck scale point charges the electrino and positrino and the composite structures they form. Furthermore the spacetime æther has a huge impact on redefinition of the quantum vacuum. NPQG indentifies the correct root causes for uncertainty as well as comes down firmly on the side of EPR.