3+1 D Euclidean Void
The background for our universe is a Euclidean void of 3D space and 1D time. It is not Einstein’s spacetime. Void space does not curve, stretch, inflate, expand, or do anything for that matter. Void space is non-interacting. Void space does not have any inherent characteristic energy nor ability to carry energy itself. Electric and magnetic fields created by electrinos and positrinos can pass through the void at a constant velocity, but the root cause of that constant velocity is not yet known. The void is the empty vessel in which standard matter-energy particles made of point charges may exist. In NPQG we can geometrically consider absolute distance, absolute direction, and absolute time with respect to the void, although to be clear there are no physical coordinate reference points in the void. It is unknown whether the void is infinite, but it may be treated so in NPQG. It is unknown whether any sizeable regions of unoccupied void space exist. The void has no testable characteristics other than the deduction that the void must exist because the universe exists.
Electrino
An immutable point charge with a negative 1/6 charge. Symbol: ε⊖ or ε-.
Positrino
An immutable point charge with a positive 1/6 charge. A positrino is the equal and opposite of an electrino. Symbol: ε⊕ or ε+.
Planck Sphere
An electrino or a positrino. Symbol: ε. Electrino ε⊖ and positrino ε⊕ are physical due to immutability with a radius near the Planck length and thus a size far below the state of the art (2022) experimental observation scale of GR-QM era physics. Electrinos and positrinos may also be considered as conserved Planck radius excitations for those inculcated in field theory. Planck spheres are immutable.
Point Charge Structure Notation
A notation for describing composite particles and fragments. Expressed as a count of electrinos, a ‘:’ character, and then a count of positrinos. A proton has notation 15ε-:21ε+. The ‘:’ character is always present, even if there is a zero count of either electrinos or positrinos. The alternate stylized format is ε⊖ or ε⊕. In informal notation, or formal notation after introduction of terminology, the symbol may be omitted, such as proton 15:21. Older posts used a ‘/’ as a separator, but now the ‘:’ separator is preferred, because the ‘/’ can be confused as a fraction.
Standard Matter-Energy Particles
Quantum mechanics is based on a standard model of particles which can carry energy and are often referred to standard matter-energy particles, or matter-energy for short. Standard matter-energy is the basis for all elements in the periodic table and all reactions. The NPQG model goes one level deeper and can express all standard matter-energy particles including spacetime aether particles as composites of electrinos and positrinos.
Planck Scale Point Charge
In quantum mechanics and general relativity, the Planck units are considered to be a result of dimensional analysis, and no claim is made for the physicality of the Planck units. In NPQG, the point charge is physical and we can relate the Planck units to the behaviours of structures made of point charges. Point charge structures may form in very high energy objects or events, such as the core of some active galactic nuclei (AGN) supermassive black holes (SMBH). It is conceivable that high energy point charge structures may form in other high energy objects or events.
Dipole and nested dipole point charge structures with electrinos and positrinos at the highest energy possible, the Planck energy, are hypothesized to occur as ejecta of supermassive black holes in a jet or rupture of the Planck core.
Planck Plasma
A plasma of particles emitted from a Planck core during a jet or rupture of a black hole. Planck plasma is expected to be composed of particles at or about the Planck energy. Planck plasma is found in extreme energy situations throughout the universe, particularly in AGN SMBH jets or ruptures. It may also occur in other objects such as emissions from mergers of black holes, and as a result of mergers of black holes and neutron stars.
Planck Plasma Jet
A powerful Planck plasma jet forms from a core breach of a dense matter object which exposes in-core extreme energy point charges to lower energy conditions. Jets frequently occur in pairs exiting each polar axis. Cooling jets decay and react into lower energy photons, neutrinos, spacetime æther and other standard matter-energy. The jet ejecta causes galaxy local inflation as it rapidly increases in scale and then expansion as apparent energy of the aether falls to levels in intergalactic space. Notes: 1. Modern physics says that accretion disk matter-energy is also carried away in each jet. 2. See the Wikipedia article on radio galaxies.
Planck Plasma Mini-Bang
A catastrophic core breach of a dense matter object which exposes in-core Planck plasma to lower energy conditions in a chaotic matter that leads to turbulent explosion. This is not “The Big Bang”. A Planck plasma mini-bang is typically localized within a galaxy. Such a mini-bang causes rapid galaxy local inflation and then expansion.
Spacetime Æther Particle
In NPQG, the æther of spacetime is modeled as neutral composite particles. Spacetime æther is dominated by low energy particles and the overall æther has a black body spectrum of 2.7 K, i.e., the cosmic microwave background (CMB).
Photon
A composite particle with a formula of 6ε-/6ε. It is imagined as a pro Noether core coupled to an anti-Noether core which counter-rotates. Both Noether cores are planar in a photon and the leading Noether core sails on the electromagnetic field of the trailing Noether core. Likewise the leading Noether core creates the conditions that propel the trailing Noether core.
In the point charge universe, it appears that photons are implemented as contra-rotating coaxial point charge rotors.
Coaxial rotors are a pair of rotors mounted in a parallel and offset plane from each other with the same axis of rotation, but turning in opposite directions (contra-rotating).
Wikipedia
Photons aren’t just one coaxial rotor, but three, and they are nested at higher energies and smaller radii.
Inflation
The rapid increase in geometrical scale of Planck plasma as it emits energy, react dissipatively, and cools. In NPQG, inflation begins when in-core Planck particles are exposed to less energetic surroundings via a jet or other core breach. Note: There is no single Big Bang in NPQG. Instead, the perpetual and intermittent emission of Planck plasma throughout the cosmos replaces the concept of the Big Bang. The galaxy local inflation causes expansion of spacetime æther in the vicinity of each active galaxy. The expansion proceeds until it encounters spacetime æther expanding from other galaxies.
Spacetime Æther implements Einstein’s spacetime
Spacetime æther is an extremely weakly interacting configuration of low apparent energy Noether cores. Spacetime æther is material and contains energy, and is modeled as a black body with a 2.7 K black body spectrum consistent with measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The æther geometry is experimentally unknown, yet it may be helpful to imagine a gas of point charge structures, or perhaps a dense foam or face-centered cubic (FCC) lattice forming at certain energy levels. The terminologies “vacuum of free space” and “quantum vacuum” are GR-QM era terms that map to spacetime æther. Planck cores and Planck plasma jets are two environments where point charge geometry may preclud spacetime æther configurations.
Expansion
Scientists of the GR-QM era believe that the Universe is expanding based upon redshift readings. However, NPQG shows that galaxy local inflationary mini-bangs lead to galaxy local expansion of spacetime æther. The aether expands locally until it encounters aether expanding from another galaxy. The outflow of æther from Planck plasma emissions from every active galaxy is typically somewhat balanced by the inflow of standard matter-energy. It is possible that the net flow rates may fluctuate in magnitude and direction or even mix with other galaxies.
Spacetime Æther Extent
The extent of the spacetime æther is unknown and presumed infinite.
Electron
A structure made of point charges in a configuration with a tri-dipole surrounded by 6 electrinos, i.e. 1:1, 1:1, 1:1, 6:0. The anti-electron, or positron, is similar, with positrinos in the outer orbital layer 1:1, 1:1, 1:1, 0:6.
Proton
A composite particle with a formula of 15ε-:21ε+.
Electron Neutrino
A composite particle with a formula of 3ε-:3ε+, 3ε-:3ε+ or 6:6 overall. The electron anti-neutrino has the same formula.
Neutron
A composite particle with a formula of 18ε-:18ε+.
Quarks
Quarks are the fermion particles from which protons and neutrons are constructed. Each quark type defined in the standard model has a specific electrino/positrino formula.
Exotic Composite Particles and other Fragments
See the Particle Data Group data book for the myriad known exotic particles, lifetimes, characteristics. Each has a specific electrino/positrino formula and configuration. There may be unknown fragments yet to be discovered. The PDG documents many high-energy and short-lived particles.
Fermion Generations
Generation I fermions have a 3ε-:3ε+ Noether core.
Generation II fermions have a 2ε-:2ε+ Noether core.
Generation III fermions have a 1ε-:1ε+ Noether core.
Pair Production
A reaction with the spacetime æther that creates a fermion and anti-fermion. Planck sphere particles and energy are conserved, as always.
Mass
Mass is based upon the apparent energy of a point charge structure interacting with the spacetime aether. It may be related to the root mean square of the energy flux wave exchanged between standard matter-energy particles and the aether.
Gravity
The force of gravity is caused by convection of standard-matter energy due to the energy gradient of the spacetime æther. The energy density of æther increases with proximity to massy (high apparent energy) standard matter-energy.
TERMS FROM THE GR-QM ERA OF PHYSICS
Dark Matter
NPQG provides several new mechanisms to explain galaxy rotation curves and the other observations that seek dark matter as a solution.
- Spacetime æther is composed of particles of matter-energy. In low gravity environments spacetime æther particles are extremely low mass, i.e., low apparent energy. However, in the presence of dense matter-energy the spacetime æther energizes, it’s Noether cores shrink in radius and this increases the energy gradient in the aether, i.e., gravity. Thus spacetime æther is one contributor to “dark matter.”
- Matter-energy consumed by galaxy center SMBH will be shielded through superposition and present less mass (apparent energy) especially if and when it joins a Planck core, as is present in SMBH under certain conditions.
- Upon a Planck core breaching the event horizon, and Planck plasma jetting, inflating, decaying, and reacting as photons, neutrinos, and other standard matter-energy and the reappearance of mass above and below the galactic plane.
- The inflation and decay of Planck plasma jets also generates a tremendous amount of new spacetime æther and this may also impact galaxy rotation curves.
Dark Energy
The energy of spacetime spacetime æther and the galaxy local outflow of spacetime æther are the causes for the phenomenon targeted by dark energy theory.
Big Bang
NPQG is a model of a recycling universe with no known beginning nor end. The concept of the Big Bang is replaced with perpetual and intermittent Planck plasma emission throughout the cosmos, and especially from AGN SMBH.
Cosmic Inflation
The Big Bang theory proposes an initial explosive event that creates the universe. The initial explosion is immediately preceded by cosmic inflation that is faster than the speed of light. In NPQG the physical implementation for crunch, bang, inflation, expansion is the SMBH in each galaxy. These processes are galaxy local, distributed, intermittent, and independent.
Baryon Asymmetry
There is no missing anti-matter in NPQG. Anti-matter particles have an anti Noether core. Free anti-matter quickly reacts and the reaction products are photons, and other standard matter-energy. Planck sphere point charges are indestructible and are conserved in all reactions.
Early Universe
This term from the Big Bang era is obsolete in NPQG. Any writings that use this term or other euphemisms that imply a time relative to the Big Bang (e.g., “early time,” “beginning of the universe,” “primordial,” “late time,” etc.) should be re-evaluated and re-framed.
Singularity
An ill-defined term related to general relativity mathematics producing infinites in a black hole. Instead, NPQG defines a phase change from dense standard matter-energy into Planck particles and this is where general relativity does not apply. Under certain conditions, Planck particles may escape from black holes because they are not subject to the gravity of general relativity.
Multiverse
The galaxies in the universe.
Pocket Universe
A galaxy.
White Hole
Unused.
Many Worlds Interpretation
Unused.
Vacuum, Quantum Vacuum
Unused.
ACRONYMS
- AGN : Active galactic nuclei
- BB : Big Bang
- BBIT : Big Bang inflation theory
- BH : black hole
- CMB : cosmic microwave background
- ε⊖ or ε- : electrino
- ε⊕ or ε+ : positrino
- FCC : face-centered cubic
- GR : general relativity
- N : neutron
- NPQG : Neoclassical Physics and Quantum Gravity
- NS : neutron star
- P : proton
- QM : quantum mechanics
- S : entropy
- SM : standard model
- SMBH : supermassive black hole
J Mark Morris : San Diego : California : 2018 – 2022
Neoclassical Physics and Quantum Gravity 